Savanna Game Novel
Chinese to English light novels translations. Currently working on Onii-ai, Hyouketsu Kyoukai no Eden, Sayonara Piano Sonata and Mushi Uta. Dec 05, 2011 Mobile phone novel about state-sanctioned killing game that spans space-time continuum. Ousama Game (王様ゲーム) or King's Game is a Japanese cell phone novel written by Nobuaki Kanazawa. The manga is drawn by RENDA Hitori. There is also a movie for.
Typical tropical savanna in Northern demonstrating the high tree density and regular spacing characteristic of many savannas A savanna or savannah is a mixed characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken layer consisting primarily of grasses. Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density. It is often believed that savannas feature widely spaced, scattered trees. However, in many savannas, tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forests. The South American savanna types cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado dense typically have densities of trees similar to or higher than that found in South American tropical forests, with savanna rangingt 800–3300 trees per (trees/ha) and adjacent forests with 800–2000 trees/ha.
Similarly Guinean savanna has 129 trees/ha, compared to 103 for, while Eastern Australian sclerophyll forests have average tree densities of approximately 100 per hectare, comparable to savannas in the same region. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall confined to one season; they are associated with several types of, and are frequently in a between and. Savanna covers approximately 20% of the land area. In, East Africa Many grassy landscapes and mixed communities of trees, shrubs, and grasses were described as savanna before the middle of the 19th century, when the concept of a tropical savanna climate became established. The system was strongly influenced by effects of temperature and precipitation upon tree growth, and his oversimplified assumptions resulted in a tropical savanna classification concept which resulted in it being considered as a 'climatic climax' formation. The common usage meaning to describe vegetation now conflicts with a simplified yet widespread climatic concept meaning.
The divergence has sometimes caused areas such as extensive savannas north and south of the and to be excluded from mapped savanna categories. 'Barrens' has been used almost interchangeably with savanna in different parts of North America. Sometimes midwestern savanna were described as 'grassland with trees'. Different authors have defined the lower limits of savanna tree coverage as 5–10% and upper limits range as 25–80% of an area.
Two factors common to all savanna environments are rainfall variations from year to year, and. In the, e.g. In, savanna vegetation is similar from to and to the. Threats Changes in fire management Savannas are subject to regular and the ecosystem appears to be the result of human use of fire. For example, created the by periodically burning where fire-resistant plants were the dominant species.
In scattered locations from to coastal are remnants of these savannas. Aboriginal burning appears to have been responsible for the widespread occurrence of savanna in tropical and, and savannas in are a result of human fire use.
The shrub savannas of the region were likewise created and maintained by anthropogenic fire. Prescribed burn; Wisconsin savanna These fires are usually confined to the and do little long term damage to mature trees. However, these fires either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetation and may have maintained and modified savanna flora. It has been suggested by many authors that aboriginal burning created a structurally more open savanna landscape.
Aboriginal burning certainly created a habitat mosaic that probably increased biodiversity and changed the structure of woodlands and geographic range of numerous woodland species. It has been suggested by many authors that with the removal or alteration of traditional burning regimes many savannas are being replaced by forest and shrub thickets with little herbaceous layer. The consumption of herbage by introduced grazers in savanna woodlands has led to a reduction in the amount of fuel available for burning and resulted in fewer and cooler fires. The introduction of exotic pasture has also led to a reduction in the need to burn to produce a flush of green growth because legumes retain high nutrient levels throughout the year, and because fires can have a negative impact on legume populations which causes a reluctance to burn. Grazing and browsing animals. The closed forest types such as broadleaf forests and rainforests are usually not grazed owing to the closed structure precluding grass growth, and hence offering little opportunity for grazing. In contrast the open structure of savannas allows the growth of a herbaceous layer and are commonly used for grazing domestic livestock.
As a result, much of the world's savannas have undergone change as a result of grazing by sheep, goats and cattle, ranging from changes in pasture composition to woody weed encroachment. The removal of grass by grazing affects the woody plant component of woodland systems in two major ways.
Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting tree growth. In addition to this effect, the removal of fuel reduces both the intensity and the frequency of fires which may control woody plant species. Grazing animals can have a more direct effect on woody plants by the browsing of palatable woody species. There is evidence that unpalatable woody plants have increased under grazing in savannas.
Grazing also promotes the spread of weeds in savannas by the removal or reduction of the plants which would normally compete with potential weeds and hinder establishment. In addition to this, cattle and horses are implicated in the spread of the seeds of weed species such as Prickly Acacia ( ) and Stylo ( spp.). Alterations in savanna species composition brought about by grazing can alter ecosystem function, and are exacerbated by overgrazing and poor land management practices. Introduced grazing animals can also affect soil condition through physical compaction and break-up of the soil caused by the hooves of animals and through the erosion effects caused by the removal of protective plant cover. Such effects are most likely to occur on land subjected to repeated and heavy grazing.
The effects of overstocking are often worst on soils of low fertility and in low rainfall areas below 500 mm, as most soil nutrients in these areas tend to be concentrated in the surface so any movement of soils can lead to severe degradation. Alteration in soil structure and nutrient levels affects the establishment, growth and survival of plant species and in turn can lead to a change in woodland structure and composition. Tree clearing Large areas of Australian and South American savannas have been cleared of trees, and this clearing is continuing today. For example, until recently 480,000 of savanna were cleared annually in Australia alone primarily to improve pasture production.
Substantial savanna areas have been cleared of woody vegetation and much of the area that remains today is vegetation that has been disturbed by either clearing or thinning at some point in the past. Clearing is carried out by the grazing industry in an attempt to increase the quality and quantity of feed available for stock and to improve the management of livestock. The removal of trees from savanna land removes the competition for water from the grasses present, and can lead to a two to fourfold increase in pasture production, as well as improving the quality of the feed available. Since stock is strongly correlated with herbage yield, there can be major financial benefits from the removal of trees, such as assisting with grazing management: regions of dense tree and shrub cover harbors predators, leading to increased stock losses, for example, while woody plant cover hinders mustering in both sheep and cattle areas. A number of techniques have been employed to clear or kill woody plants in savannas. Early pastoralists used felling and, the removal of a ring of and, as a means of clearing land. In the 1950s arboricides suitable for stem injection were developed.
War-surplus heavy machinery was made available, and these were used for either pushing timber, or for pulling using a chain and ball strung between two machines. These two new methods of timber control, along with the introduction and widespread adoption of several new pasture grasses and legumes promoted a resurgence in tree clearing. The 1980s also saw the release of soil-applied arboricides, notably, that could be utilised without cutting and injecting each individual tree. In many ways 'artificial' clearing, particularly pulling, mimics the effects of fire and, in savannas adapted to regeneration after fire as most Queensland savannas are, there is a similar response to that after fire. Tree clearing in many savanna communities, although causing a dramatic reduction in basal area and canopy cover, often leaves a high percentage of woody plants alive either as seedlings too small to be affected or as plants capable of re-sprouting from lignotubers and broken stumps.
A population of woody plants equal to half or more of the original number often remains following pulling of eucalypt communities, even if all the trees over 5 metres are uprooted completely. Exotic plant species.
Acacia savanna,. A number of exotic plants species have been introduced to the savannas around the world. Amongst the woody plant species are serious environmental weeds such as Prickly Acacia ( ), Rubbervine ( ), Mesquite ( spp.), Lantana ( and ) and Prickly Pear ( spp.) A range of herbaceous species have also been introduced to these woodlands, either deliberately or accidentally including Rhodes grass and other species, Buffel grass ( ), Giant rat's tail grass ( ) ( ) and stylos ( spp.) and other. These introductions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and composition of savannas worldwide, and have already done so in many areas through a number of processes including altering the fire regime, increasing grazing pressure, competing with native vegetation and occupying previously vacant ecological niches. Other plant species include: white sage, spotted cactus, cotton seed, rosemary. Climate change Human induced climate change resulting from the greenhouse effect may result in an alteration of the structure and function of savannas. Some authors have suggested that savannas and grasslands may become even more susceptible to woody plant encroachment as a result of greenhouse induced climate change.
However, a recent case described a savanna increasing its range at the expense of forest in response to climate variation, and potential exists for similar rapid, dramatic shifts in vegetation distribution as a result of global climate change, particularly at ecotones such as savannas so often represent. Savanna ecoregions. Mediterranean savanna in region, Savanna are of several different types:. Tropical and subtropical savannas are classified with tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrublands as the biome. The savannas of Africa, including the, famous for its wildlife, are typical of this type. The Brazilian savanna is also included in this category, known for its. Temperate savannas are mid-latitude savannas with wetter summers and drier winters.
They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the biome, that for example cover much of the of the. (See areas such as the ).
Mediterranean savannas are mid-latitude savannas in regions, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, part of the biome. The savannas of, part of the ecoregion, fall into this category. Flooded savannas are savannas that are flooded seasonally or year-round. They are classified with flooded savannas as the biome, which occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics. savannas are mid- to high-altitude savannas, located in a few spots around the world's high mountain regions, part of the biome.
The, located at an average altitude of 2,550 metres (8,370 ft) on the, of the, is an example of a montane savanna. The savannas of the ecoregion are a lower altitude example, up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).
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Typical tropical savanna in Northern demonstrating the high tree density and regular spacing characteristic of many savannas A savanna or savannah is a mixed characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken layer consisting primarily of grasses.
Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density. It is often believed that savannas feature widely spaced, scattered trees. However, in many savannas, tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forests. The South American savanna types cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado dense typically have densities of trees similar to or higher than that found in South American tropical forests, with savanna rangingt 800–3300 trees per (trees/ha) and adjacent forests with 800–2000 trees/ha. Similarly Guinean savanna has 129 trees/ha, compared to 103 for, while Eastern Australian sclerophyll forests have average tree densities of approximately 100 per hectare, comparable to savannas in the same region. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall confined to one season; they are associated with several types of, and are frequently in a between and. Savanna covers approximately 20% of the land area.
In, East Africa Many grassy landscapes and mixed communities of trees, shrubs, and grasses were described as savanna before the middle of the 19th century, when the concept of a tropical savanna climate became established. The system was strongly influenced by effects of temperature and precipitation upon tree growth, and his oversimplified assumptions resulted in a tropical savanna classification concept which resulted in it being considered as a 'climatic climax' formation. The common usage meaning to describe vegetation now conflicts with a simplified yet widespread climatic concept meaning. The divergence has sometimes caused areas such as extensive savannas north and south of the and to be excluded from mapped savanna categories. 'Barrens' has been used almost interchangeably with savanna in different parts of North America. Sometimes midwestern savanna were described as 'grassland with trees'. Different authors have defined the lower limits of savanna tree coverage as 5–10% and upper limits range as 25–80% of an area.
Two factors common to all savanna environments are rainfall variations from year to year, and. In the, e.g. In, savanna vegetation is similar from to and to the. Threats Changes in fire management Savannas are subject to regular and the ecosystem appears to be the result of human use of fire. For example, created the by periodically burning where fire-resistant plants were the dominant species.
In scattered locations from to coastal are remnants of these savannas. Aboriginal burning appears to have been responsible for the widespread occurrence of savanna in tropical and, and savannas in are a result of human fire use. The shrub savannas of the region were likewise created and maintained by anthropogenic fire. Prescribed burn; Wisconsin savanna These fires are usually confined to the and do little long term damage to mature trees. However, these fires either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetation and may have maintained and modified savanna flora.
It has been suggested by many authors that aboriginal burning created a structurally more open savanna landscape. Aboriginal burning certainly created a habitat mosaic that probably increased biodiversity and changed the structure of woodlands and geographic range of numerous woodland species. It has been suggested by many authors that with the removal or alteration of traditional burning regimes many savannas are being replaced by forest and shrub thickets with little herbaceous layer. The consumption of herbage by introduced grazers in savanna woodlands has led to a reduction in the amount of fuel available for burning and resulted in fewer and cooler fires.
The introduction of exotic pasture has also led to a reduction in the need to burn to produce a flush of green growth because legumes retain high nutrient levels throughout the year, and because fires can have a negative impact on legume populations which causes a reluctance to burn. Grazing and browsing animals. The closed forest types such as broadleaf forests and rainforests are usually not grazed owing to the closed structure precluding grass growth, and hence offering little opportunity for grazing. In contrast the open structure of savannas allows the growth of a herbaceous layer and are commonly used for grazing domestic livestock. As a result, much of the world's savannas have undergone change as a result of grazing by sheep, goats and cattle, ranging from changes in pasture composition to woody weed encroachment. The removal of grass by grazing affects the woody plant component of woodland systems in two major ways. Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting tree growth.
In addition to this effect, the removal of fuel reduces both the intensity and the frequency of fires which may control woody plant species. Grazing animals can have a more direct effect on woody plants by the browsing of palatable woody species. There is evidence that unpalatable woody plants have increased under grazing in savannas. Grazing also promotes the spread of weeds in savannas by the removal or reduction of the plants which would normally compete with potential weeds and hinder establishment. In addition to this, cattle and horses are implicated in the spread of the seeds of weed species such as Prickly Acacia ( ) and Stylo ( spp.). Alterations in savanna species composition brought about by grazing can alter ecosystem function, and are exacerbated by overgrazing and poor land management practices.
Introduced grazing animals can also affect soil condition through physical compaction and break-up of the soil caused by the hooves of animals and through the erosion effects caused by the removal of protective plant cover. Such effects are most likely to occur on land subjected to repeated and heavy grazing.
The effects of overstocking are often worst on soils of low fertility and in low rainfall areas below 500 mm, as most soil nutrients in these areas tend to be concentrated in the surface so any movement of soils can lead to severe degradation. Alteration in soil structure and nutrient levels affects the establishment, growth and survival of plant species and in turn can lead to a change in woodland structure and composition.
Tree clearing Large areas of Australian and South American savannas have been cleared of trees, and this clearing is continuing today. For example, until recently 480,000 of savanna were cleared annually in Australia alone primarily to improve pasture production. Substantial savanna areas have been cleared of woody vegetation and much of the area that remains today is vegetation that has been disturbed by either clearing or thinning at some point in the past. Clearing is carried out by the grazing industry in an attempt to increase the quality and quantity of feed available for stock and to improve the management of livestock. The removal of trees from savanna land removes the competition for water from the grasses present, and can lead to a two to fourfold increase in pasture production, as well as improving the quality of the feed available.
Savanna Game Light Novel
Since stock is strongly correlated with herbage yield, there can be major financial benefits from the removal of trees, such as assisting with grazing management: regions of dense tree and shrub cover harbors predators, leading to increased stock losses, for example, while woody plant cover hinders mustering in both sheep and cattle areas. A number of techniques have been employed to clear or kill woody plants in savannas. Early pastoralists used felling and, the removal of a ring of and, as a means of clearing land. In the 1950s arboricides suitable for stem injection were developed. War-surplus heavy machinery was made available, and these were used for either pushing timber, or for pulling using a chain and ball strung between two machines.
These two new methods of timber control, along with the introduction and widespread adoption of several new pasture grasses and legumes promoted a resurgence in tree clearing. The 1980s also saw the release of soil-applied arboricides, notably, that could be utilised without cutting and injecting each individual tree. In many ways 'artificial' clearing, particularly pulling, mimics the effects of fire and, in savannas adapted to regeneration after fire as most Queensland savannas are, there is a similar response to that after fire. Tree clearing in many savanna communities, although causing a dramatic reduction in basal area and canopy cover, often leaves a high percentage of woody plants alive either as seedlings too small to be affected or as plants capable of re-sprouting from lignotubers and broken stumps. A population of woody plants equal to half or more of the original number often remains following pulling of eucalypt communities, even if all the trees over 5 metres are uprooted completely. Exotic plant species. Acacia savanna,.
A number of exotic plants species have been introduced to the savannas around the world. Amongst the woody plant species are serious environmental weeds such as Prickly Acacia ( ), Rubbervine ( ), Mesquite ( spp.), Lantana ( and ) and Prickly Pear ( spp.) A range of herbaceous species have also been introduced to these woodlands, either deliberately or accidentally including Rhodes grass and other species, Buffel grass ( ), Giant rat's tail grass ( ) ( ) and stylos ( spp.) and other.
These introductions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and composition of savannas worldwide, and have already done so in many areas through a number of processes including altering the fire regime, increasing grazing pressure, competing with native vegetation and occupying previously vacant ecological niches. Other plant species include: white sage, spotted cactus, cotton seed, rosemary. Climate change Human induced climate change resulting from the greenhouse effect may result in an alteration of the structure and function of savannas. Some authors have suggested that savannas and grasslands may become even more susceptible to woody plant encroachment as a result of greenhouse induced climate change. However, a recent case described a savanna increasing its range at the expense of forest in response to climate variation, and potential exists for similar rapid, dramatic shifts in vegetation distribution as a result of global climate change, particularly at ecotones such as savannas so often represent.
Savanna Game Novel
Savanna ecoregions. Mediterranean savanna in region, Savanna are of several different types:. Tropical and subtropical savannas are classified with tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrublands as the biome.
The savannas of Africa, including the, famous for its wildlife, are typical of this type. The Brazilian savanna is also included in this category, known for its. Temperate savannas are mid-latitude savannas with wetter summers and drier winters. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the biome, that for example cover much of the of the. (See areas such as the ). Mediterranean savannas are mid-latitude savannas in regions, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, part of the biome. The savannas of, part of the ecoregion, fall into this category.
Savanna Game Novel
Flooded savannas are savannas that are flooded seasonally or year-round. They are classified with flooded savannas as the biome, which occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics. savannas are mid- to high-altitude savannas, located in a few spots around the world's high mountain regions, part of the biome. The, located at an average altitude of 2,550 metres (8,370 ft) on the, of the, is an example of a montane savanna. The savannas of the ecoregion are a lower altitude example, up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).